Basic First Aid for emergency response
Objectives of the First Aid
• Prolonged life
• Alleviate suffering
• First aiders
responsibilities ends when the services of Medical professional begins
• First aiders are not
intended to compete with Medical professionals
First Aid - Basic
We all take certain measures to prevent accidents but despite our best
efforts emergencies arise. You or people nearby trip and fall...
unintentionally come in contact with exposed wiring... step on a rusty nail...
or literarily bite off more than you can chew... And when an accident happens,
time is not on your side. Besides a well-stocked and functional First Aid Kit,
preparation and skills are the most important tools you can have at your
disposal.
First Aid Kit
• Sterile adhesive
bandages in assorted sizes
• Sterile gauze pads
inassorted sizes
• Hypoallergenic
adhesive tape
• Scissors
• Tweezers
• Needle
• Ace bandage
• Moistened towelettes
• Antiseptic
• Splints in assorted
sizes
• Petroleum jelly
• Assorted sizes of
safety pins
• Anti-bacterial soap
• Antibiotic ointment
• Latex gloves and
face mask
• Sunscreen
• Aspirin and/or
ibuprofen
• Ice Pack
• Thermometer
• Tongue blades
Cuts and Scrapes
Open Wound apply 5 C’s
• Clean the wound
• Control Bleeding
By applying pressure
Elevating the
wounded part at least above the heart
Put pressure on
Limbs pressure points
• Cover the wounds
with sterilize or clean cloths
• Care for shock
• Call Physician
Cuts and Scrapes
Clean the wound with mild anti- bacterial soap and water. You can use
sterilized tweezers to remove any debris that remains embedded in the wound
after rinsing. This will reduce the risk of an infection and possible
complications. If the debris is abundant or can't be removed for some other
reason, a trip to the emergency room will be necessary.
Cuts and Scrapes
• Control the
bleeding. Water may induce bleeding by thinning the blood. If while rinsing the
wound you notice increased blood flow, use gauze or a clean cloth to apply
gentle, continuous pressure until the blood clots.
• Elevate the wounded
part of the body if possible above the heart level
Cuts and Scrapes
Although hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a disinfectant for minor cuts and scrapes, it is actually not very effective and may even delay the healing process by irritating a person's living cells. You can use hydrogen peroxide but apply it around the open wound, not directly to it. An antibiotic ointment such as Neosporin is a better alternative - it will keep the wound from getting infected and speed up the healing process.
Cover the wound with a bandage or sterile gauze to keep dirt and bacteria out. Change the dressing frequently and rinse the wound as often as necessary to keep it free of dirt.
• Care for shock. Some
victim may lead to shock due to blood loss. Gently lay him down with his head
slightly lower than his chest and his feet elevated.
• Call the Physician.
If the wound is very deep or the bleeding is profuse, it may require stitches
in order to heal properly.
Puncture Wounds
• Unlike a cut, a
puncture wound does not typically result in profuse or excessive bleeding and
although painful, may look harmless as the skin around the wound simply closes.
But puncture wounds carry a risk of infection and if left unattended can result
in serious complications.
• Injuries sustained
by stepping on a nail that punctures through a shoe are especially prone to
infection. If the injury is caused by stepping on a nail or a shard of glass
that's been exposed to the elements, it is a good idea to consult a physician
who may recommend a tetanus shot or booster.
• A bite from a
household pet or another person that results in a puncture wound should be
considered and treated as serious injury. If the bleeding is heavy or the item
that caused the wound appears unsanitary, thoroughly clean the injured area
with mild anti-bacterial soap and water and seek professional medical
assistance as soon as possible.
• If the injury is
minor, clean it with soap and water and apply an antibiotic ointment such as
Neosporin to prevent infection. Dress the wound with sterile bandage and
replace the dressing frequently. It is prudent to keep a close eye on the wound
for several days to prevent an onset of an infection from any debris that
may've lodged itself deep in the wound. If you notice persistent redness or
puffiness or if the wound starts to ooze pus, have the victim consult a doctor
right away.
Shock
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not
getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires
IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly.
• Major classes of
shock include:
Cardiogenic shock
(associated with heart problems)
Hypovolemic shock
(caused by inadequate blood volume/ Blood loss /Severe bleeding)
Anaphylactic shock
(caused by allergic reaction)
Septic shock
(associated with infections)
Neurogenic shock
(caused by damage to the nervous system)
• Shock can be caused
by any condition that reduces blood flow, including:
• Heart problems (such
as heart attack or heart failure)
• Low blood volume (as
with heavy bleeding or dehydration)
• Changes in blood
vessels (as with infection or severe allergic reactions)
• Shock is often
associated with heavy external or internal bleeding from a serious injury.
Spinal injuries can also cause shock
Shock
A person in shock has extremely low blood pressure. Depending on the
specific cause and type of shock, symptoms will include one or more of the
following:
• Anxiety or agitation
• Confusion
• Pale, cool, clammy
skin
• Low or no urine
output
• Bluish lips and
fingernails
• Dizziness,
light-headedness, or faintness
• Profuse sweating,
moist skin
• Rapid but weak pulse
• Shallow breathing
• Chest pain
• Unconsciousness
First Aid for Shock
• Call 911 for
immediate medical help.
• Check the person's
airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and
CPR.
• Even if the person
is able to breathe on his or her own, continue to check rate of breathing at
least every 5 minutes until help arrives.
• If the person is
conscious and DOES NOT have an injury to the head, leg, neck, or spine, place
the person in the shock position. Lay the person on the back and elevate the
legs about 12 inches. DO NOT elevate the head. If raising the legs will cause
pain or potential harm, leave the person lying flat.
• Give appropriate
first aid for any wounds, injuries, or illnesses.
• Keep the person warm
and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing.
RECOVERY POSITION
To put the victim in the recovery position grab the victim's leg and
shoulder and roll him towards you
Continue to roll the victim
until he is on his side.
Adjust the top leg so that both
the hip and knee are bent at right angles. Gently tilt the head back to keep
the airway open. Keep the person warm until medical help is obtained.
DO NOT
• DO NOT give the
person anything by mouth, including anything to eat or drink.
• DO NOT move the
person with a known or suspected spinal injury.
• DO NOT wait for
milder shock symptoms to worsen before calling for emergency medical help.
IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR DROOLS
• Turn the head to one
side so he or she will not choke. Do this as long as there is NO suspicion of
spinal injury.
• If a spinal injury
is suspected, "log roll" him instead. Keep the person's head, neck
and back in line and roll him or her as a unit.
Burns
• A burn victim will require different type of care depending on the type and extent of his injury. Burns vary greatly from a common, fairly harmless sunburn to a potentially life-threatening 3rd degree burn caused by open flames or electrocution. Here's how to distinguish the three different types of burn injuries and how to care for each:
• 1st degree burns are
usually accompanied by redness and some swelling of the skin.
Treat a minor burn by first cooling the affected area. If possible,
keep the injury under cool running water for at least 10 minutes. If running
water is not available place the burn in a container of cold water such as a
bucket, tub or even a deep dish. Using a cool, wet compress made of clean cloth
will also work if nothing else is available. Keeping the burn cool will reduce
pain and minimize the swelling. If the injury is on the part of a body where
jewelry or snug clothing is present, carefully remove them before it begins to
swell. Apply a moisturizing lotion or Aloe Vera extract and dress the burnt
area with loosely wrapped sterile gauze.
• 2nd degree burns
will result in deeper, more intense redness of the skin as well as swelling and
blistering.
This type of burn should be treated just as a 1st degree burn but
because the damage to the skin is more extensive, extra care should be taken to
avoid infection and excessive scarring. Replace the dressing daily and keep the
wound clean. If a blister breaks use mild soap and warm water to rinse the
area. Apply antibiotic cream such as Neosporin to prevent infection before
redressing in sterile gauze.
• 3rd degree burns may appear and feel deceptively harmless
as the victim may not feel much pain due to complete destruction of all layers
of skin and tissue as well as nerve endings. The damaged area may appear
charred or ash-color and will instantly start to blister or "peel".
If the victim's clothing is on fire, douse him
with non-flammable liquid.
• Dial 9-1-1. Do not
remove burnt clothing from the victim as this will expose open wounds to the
elements and potential infection. If possible, cover the victim's injuries with
wet sterile cloth to reduce the pain and swelling. If you notice that the
victim is going into shock and loses consciousness, you will need to perform
Electrocution
• Electricity travels
through conductors - any material which allows electrical flow - as it tries to
reach the ground. Because people make excellent conductors, minor electrocution
is a common household hazard. Fortunately it is usually more surprising than
dangerous and does not require medical attention. However, some basic
precautions should be taken to insure that the shock does not interfere with the
body's normal electrical
impulses including the functions of the brain and the heart. Prolonged
exposure to a direct source of electricity can also cause severe burns to the
skin and the tissue.
• In the event of electrocution do NOT rush to assist the victim until you are certain that he is no longer in contact with electricity. Otherwise the current will pass through the victim directly to you.
• If at all possible,
turn off the source of electricity (i.e. light switch, circuit breaker, etc.)
If this is not an option, use non- conductive material such as plastic or dry
wood to separate the source of electricity from the victim.
• If the injuries
appear serious or extensive, dial 9-1-1.
• Check the victim's
vitals signs such as the depth of his breathing and regularity of his heart beat.
If either one is effected by exposure to electricity or if the victim is
unconscious, begin to perform CPR.
• Treat any areas of
the victim's body that may have sustained burns.
• If the victim is responsive and does not appear seriously injured but looks pale or faint, he may be at risk of going into shock. Gently lay him down with his head slightly lower than his chest and his feet elevated.
Fractures
• A fracture (broken
bone) may not always be obvious as most breaks do not result in compound
fractures (bone protruding through the skin). It is important not to
misdiagnose a break and mistake it for a bruise or sprain. Typical symptoms of
a fracture are:
• Immediate and
excessive swelling
• Injured area appears
deformed
• The farthest point
of the injured limb turns blue or is numb to the touch
• Even slight movement
or contact to the injured area causes excessive pain
There are several types of bone fracture, including:
• Oblique - a fracture
which goes at an angle to the axis
• Comminuted - a
fracture of many relatively small fragments
• Spiral - a fracture
which runs around the axis of the bone
• Compound - a
fracture (also called open) which breaks the skin
Fractures
• Dial 9-1-1
immediately and immobilize the broken bone with a splint. A functional splint
can be made of almost any material (wood, plastic, etc.) as long as it is rigid
and is longer than the broken bone. To apply the splint simply lay it along the
broken bone and wrap it against the limb with gauze or a length of cloth,
starting at a point farthest from the body. Do not wrap it too tight as this
may cut off blood flow.
• If the break is in
the forearm, loosely wrap a magazine or a thick newspaper around the break and
use a sling fashioned from gauze or a strip of cloth to keep the elbow
immobilized.
• A break in the lower
part of the leg requires two splints, one on each side of the leg (or at least
the shin). If suitable material is not available, you can use the victim's
healthy leg as a makeshift splint.
As much as possible, keep the victim from moving and until an ambulance
arrives, remember ICE:
• "I" is for
ice - if possible apply an ice pack or ice cubes to the injured area. This will
keep down the swelling and reduce pain.
• "C" is for
compression - if the wound is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean
cloth to reduce blood flow.
• "E" is for
elevation - try to keep the injured area as high above heart level as possible.
This will reduce blood flow to the injury and minimize swelling.
Splint is a medical device for the immobilization of limbs or of the spine. It can be used:
• By the Emergency
Medical Services or by volunteer first responders, to immobilize a fractured
limb before the transportation; it is then a temporary immobilization;
In case of a medical emergency, one should make a splint:
• Treat the area of
all wounds before creating the splint.
• The injured limb
should be left in the position that it was found in.
• Something rigid will
be best for support such as sticks, boards, or rolled up newspaper. If these
are not available, try rolled up clothing. The limb can also be taped to an
uninjured body part to prevent it from moving.
• Extend the splint
above and below the injured area to prevent it from moving. Splinting beyond
the closest two joints is ideal.
• Secure the splint
with ties and be sure not to knot the injured
area. Avoid tying too tight as it may cut off circulation.
• Check the area often
for swelling or paleness
• Seek medical
attention quickly
Head Injury
Although most minor head injuries caused by a fall or a strike to the
head may result in a bruise or a bump and are not dangerous, it is extremely
important to pay close attention to the following symptoms:
• Excessive bleeding
from an open wound
• Loss of
consciousness
• Interruption of
breathing
• Prolonged
disorientation or apparent memory loss
If you detect any of the above, the victim may have sustained serious
head trauma and will require professional medical attention. If that's the
case, dial 9-1-1 immediately. Until the ambulance arrives:
Head Injury
• If possible, place
the victim in a dim, quiet area.
• Lay the victim down
with his head and shoulders slightly elevated.
• If the wound is
bleeding, dress it with gauze or clean cloth.
• Do not leave the
victim unattended.
• If the victim loses
consciousness, you may need to perform CPR.
If the injury does not appear serious or extend beyond minor bruising,
it should be treated accordingly.
Nose Bleed
• A human nose is rich
with small fragile blood vessels which are susceptible to damage. A nosebleed
may be caused by a fall, a strike to the nose, or even from breathing
excessively dry air.
• If the nosebleed is
not a symptom of a more serious injury, it is rarely dangerous and can usually
be stopped by applying continuous pressure
• Do NOT tilt the
victim's head backward.
• Have the victim sit
or stand upright to slow down the flow of blood.
• Loosen any tight
clothing around the victim's neck.
• If possible, have
the victim spit out excess saliva - swallowing may disturb the clot and cause
nausea.
• Pinch the nostrils
shut and press the tip of the nose against the bones of the face.
• Maintain pressure
for 5 to 10 minutes.
• Once the bleeding
has stopped, the victim should avoid blowing his nose or otherwise straining
himself for at least an hour.
If the victim's nose continues to bleed or if the blood flow appears to
be excessive, or if the victim feels weak or faint,
the damage may be more serious than it appears. You should call 9-1-1
or take him to the nearest emergency room as soon as possible.
Bite Wound
• If the victim was
bitten by an animal or insects such as dog, cat, snake, scorpion, poisonous
spider or a rat, an immediate shot may be necessary to prevent the possibility
of a rabies infection or venom.
• Contrary to common
belief, a human bite can sometimes be more dangerous than that of an animal
because human saliva contains many more types of bacteria which may cause
infection.
First Aid treatment should be;
• Use anti-bacterial
soap and water to thoroughly clean the bite wound.
• Apply antibiotic
ointment such as Neosporin to prevent infection.
• If the injury
resulted in broken skin, dress it with a sterile bandage and replace the
dressing frequently.
• If the bite is deep,
the victim may need to be treated for a puncture wound.
• Bring to Physician
Basic Life Support (BLS)
Basic Life Support (BLS) is a specific level of pre-hospital medical
care provided by trained responders, including emergency medical technicians,
in the absence of advanced medical care.
• Basic Life Support
consists of a number of life-saving techniques
focused on the "ABC"s of pre-hospital emergency care:
• Airway: the
protection and maintenance of patient airway including the use of airway
adjuncts such as an oral or nasal airway
• Breathing: the
actual flow of air through respiration, natural or artificial respiration,
often assisted by emergency oxygen
• Circulation: the
movement of blood through the beating of the heart or the emergency measure of
CPR
BLS may also include considerations of patient transport such as the
protection of the cervical spine and avoiding additional injuries through
splinting and immobilization.
Basic Life Support (BLS)
• BLS generally does
not include the use of drugs or invasive skills, and can be contrasted with the
provision of Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Most laypersons can master
BLS skill after attending a short course. Firefighters and Safety Officers are
often required to be BLS certified. BLS is also immensely useful for almost
everybody who is in the right age and can do it properly.
• CPR provided in the
field buys time for higher medical responders to arrive and provide ACLS. For
this reason it is essential that any person starting CPR also obtains ACLS
support by calling for help via radio using agency policies and procedures
and/or using an appropriate emergency telephone number.
What Not to Do?
Before we learn what to do in an emergency, we must first emphasize
what not to do:
• DO NOT leave the
victim alone.
• DO NOT try make the
victim drink water.
• DO NOT throw water
on the victim's face.
• DO NOT prompt the
victim into a sitting position.
• DO NOT try to revive
the victim by slapping his face.
Always remember to exercise solid common sense! When faced with an
emergency situation we may act impulsively and place ourselves in harm's way.
Although time should not be wasted, only approach the victim after determining
that the scene is safe: always check for any
potential hazards before attempting to perform CPR.
Artificial Respiration (AR)
• Artificial
respiration is the act of simulating respiration, which provides for the
overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external
respiration and internal respiration
• This means providing
air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory
effort on their own (although it must be used on a patient with a beating heart
or as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in order to achieve the internal
respiration).
• Pulmonary
ventilation (and hence external respiration) is achieved through manual
insufflations of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing in to the patient's
lungs
• It is also commonly
called as rescue breathing or ventilation
Artificial Respiration (AR)
• Artificial
respiration is a part of most protocols for performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) making it an essential skill for first aid. In some
situations, artificial respiration is also performed separately, for instance
in near-drowning and opiate overdoses. The performance of artificial
respiration in
its own is now limited in most protocols to health professionals,
whereas lay first aiders are advised to undertake full CPR in any case where
the patient is not breathing sufficiently
• Insufflation, also
known as 'rescue breaths' or 'ventilations', is the act of mechanically forcing
air into a patient's respiratory system. This can be achieved via a number of
methods, which will depend on the situation and equipment available. All
methods require good airway management to perform, which ensures that the
method is effective.
Artificial Respiration (AR)
These methods include:
• Mouth to mouth -
This involves the rescuer making a seal between their mouth and the patient's
mouth and 'blowing', in order to pass air in to the patient's body
• Mouth to nose - In
some instances, the rescuer may need or wish to form a seal with the patient's
nose. Typical reasons for this include maxillofacial injuries, performing the
procedure in water or the remains of vomit in the mouth
• Mouth to mask – Most
organizations recommend the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and
patient to reduce cross infection risk. One popular type is the 'pocket mask'.
• If you feel a pulse
(i.e. the victim's heart is beating) but the victim is still not breathing,
rescue breaths should be administered, one rescue breath every five seconds
(remember to pinch the nose to prevent air from escaping). After the first
rescue breath, count five seconds and if the victim does not take a breath on
his own, give another rescue breath.
Efficiency of mouth to patient insufflation
• Normal atmospheric
air contains approximately 21% oxygen when created in. After gaseous exchange
has taken place in the lungs, with waste products (notably carbon dioxide)
moved from the bloodstream to the lungs, the air being exhaled by humans
normally contains around 17% oxygen.
• This means that the
human body utilizes only around 19% of the oxygen inhaled, leaving over 80% of
the oxygen available in the exhalatory breath.
• This means that
there is more than enough residual oxygen to be used in the lungs of the
patient, which then crosses the cell membrane to form oxyhemoglobin.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Can you save a life? In an emergency, when every second is critical, do
you know what to do?
According to recent statistics sudden cardiac arrest is rapidly
becoming the leading cause of death in world. Once the heart ceases to
function, a healthy human brain may survive without oxygen for up to 4 minutes
without suffering any permanent damage. Unfortunately, a typical ERT response
may take 6, 8 or even 10 minutes.
CPR is a lifesaving procedure
that is performed when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped, as in
cases of electric shock, drowning, or heart attack. CPR is a combination of:
• Rescue breathing,
which provides oxygen to a person's lungs
• Chest compressions,
which keep the person's blood circulating.
CPR = ECC + AR
ECC – External Chest Compression
AR – Artificial
Respiration / rescue breathing / ventilation Permanent brain damage or death
can occur within minutes if a
person's blood flow stops. Therefore, you must continue these procedures
until the person's heartbeat and breathing return, or trained medical help
arrives.
It is during those critical minutes that CPR can provide oxygenated
blood to the victim's brain and the heart, dramatically increasing his chance
of survival. And if properly instructed, almost anyone can learn and perform
CPR.
CPR TIME LINE
0-4 minutes - brain
damage unlikely 4-6 minutes - brain
damage possible 6-10 minutes - brain damage probable over 10 minutes - probable
brain death
How CPR Works
• The air we breathe
in travels to our lungs where oxygen is picked up by our blood and then pumped
by the heart to our tissue and organs. When a person experiences cardiac arrest
- whether due to heart failure in adults and the elderly or an injury such as
near drowning, electrocution or severe trauma in a child - the heart goes from
a normal beat to an arrhythmic pattern called ventricular fibrillation, and
eventually ceases to beat altogether.
• This prevents oxygen
from circulating throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and tissue. In
essence, Cardio (heart) Pulmonary (lung) Resuscitation (revive, revitalize)
serves as an artificial heartbeat and an artificial respirator.
• CPR may not save the victim even when performed properly,
but if started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest and defibrillation is
provided within 10 minutes, a person has a 40% chance of survival.
•
CPR is a simple but effective procedure that allows almost anyone to
sustain life in the first critical minutes of cardiac arrest. CPR provides
oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart long enough to keep vital organs
alive until emergency equipment arrives.
To make learning CPR easier, a system was devised that makes remembering it as simple as A-B-C:
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Calling for Help (Dial 9-1-1)
• It is critical to
remember that dialing 911 may be the most important step you can take to save a
life.
If someone besides you is present, they should dial 911 immediately. If
you’re alone with the victim, try to call for help prior to starting CPR on an
adult and after a minute on a child.
Provide operator with:
1. Your location
2. Your phone number
3. Type of emergency
4. Victim's condition
Adult CPR
• American Heart
Association's guidelines dictate that Adult CPR is performed on any person over
the age of 8. The procedure outlined in the following lessons is similar to
Children CPR and Infant CPR, although some critical differences apply.
• Before you start any
rescue efforts, you must remember to check the victim for responsiveness.
If you suspect that the victim has sustained spinal or neck injury, do
not move or shake him. Otherwise, shake the victim gently and shout "Are
you okay?" to see if there is any response. If the victim is someone you
know, call out his name as you shake him.
If there is no response, immediately dial 9-1-1 and check the airway
AIRWAY
Adult CPR
• "A" is for
AIRWAY. If the victim is unconscious and is unresponsive, you need to make sure
that his airway is clear of any obstructions.
• The breaths may be
faint and shallow - look, listen and feel for any signs of breathing.
• If you determine
that the victim is not breathing, then something may be blocking his air
passage. The tongue is the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious
person.
With the victim lying flat on his back, place your hand
on his forehead and your other hand under the tip of the chin
Gently tilt the
victim's head backward. In this position the weight of the tongue will force it
to shift away from the back of the throat, opening the airway
If the person is
still not breathing on his own after the airway has been cleared, you will have
to assist him breathing
BREATHING
• "B" is for BREATHING. With the victim's airway
clear of any obstructions, gently support his chin so as to keep it lifted up
and the head tilted back. Pinch his nose with your fingertips to prevent air
from escaping once you begin to ventilate and place your mouth over the
victim's, creating a tight seal.
• As you assist the person
in breathing, keep an eye on his chest. Try not to over- inflate the victim's
lungs as this may force air into the stomach, causing him to vomit. If this
happens, turn the person's head to the side and sweep any obstructions out of
the mouth before proceeding.
Give two full breaths.
• Between each breath
allow the victim's lungs to relax - place your ear near his mouth and listen
for air to escape and watch the chest fall as the victim exhales
• If the victim
remains unresponsive (no breathing, coughing or moving), check his circulation
CIRCULATION
Adult CPR
• C" is for
CIRCULATION. In order to determine if the victim's heart is beating, place two
fingertips on his carotid artery, located in the depression between the
windpipe and the neck muscles, and apply
slight pressure for several seconds.
• If there is no pulse
then the victim's heart is not beating, and you will have to perform chest
compressions
COMPRESSIONS
• When performing
chest compressions, proper hand placement is very important. To locate the
correct hand position place two fingers at the sternum (the spot where the
lower ribs meet) then put the heel of your other hand next to your fingers
• Place one hand on
top of the other and interlace the fingers . Lock your elbows and using your
body's weight, compress the victim’s chest. The depth of compressions should be
approximately 1½ to 2 inches -
• If you feel or hear
slight cracking sound, you may be pressing too hard. Do not become alarmed and
do not stop your rescue efforts! Damaged cartilage or cracked ribs are far less
serious than a lost life. Simply apply less pressure as you continue compressions.
• Count aloud as you
compress 15 times and giving the victim 2 breaths. This process should be
performed four times in the span of 1 minute- 15 compressions and 2 breaths -
after which remember to check the victim's carotid artery for pulse and any
signs of consciousness.
• If there is no
pulse, continue performing 15 compressions/2 breaths, checking for pulse after
every 4 cycles in the span of 1 minute until help arrives.
• If you feel a pulse
(i.e. the victim's heart is beating) but the victim is still not breathing,
rescue breaths should be administered, one rescue breath every five seconds
(remember to pinch the nose to prevent air from escaping). After the first
rescue breath, count five seconds and if the victim does not take a breath on
his own, give another rescue breath.
Two Man Rescue
• Just like the
procedure in one man rescue, ABC shall be apply before proceeding to CPR
• The only difference
is the manner of ratio of ECC and AR to be given
• For One man rescue
15:2 , 4 cycles in 1 minute
• For Two man rescue
5:1 , 12 cycles in 1 minute
When to stop CPR /AR?
• When the victim is
already conscious / breathing / with pulse
• When the rescuer is
totally exhausted to perform a rescue
• When another rescuer
takes his place after completing 4 cycles
• When the services of
the Medical professional takes over
• When the Medical
professionals pronounced that the victim is dead.
Adult CPR Review
In case of an emergency you may be the victim's only chance of
survival. Until an ambulance arrives and professional assistance is available,
you can increase that chance by 40% simply by remembering and effectively
administering Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.
1. Check for
responsiveness by shouting and shaking the victim. Do not shake or move the
victim if you suspect he may have sustained spinal injury.
2. Call for HELP!!!!! (9-1-1).
3. Remember your A-B-C:
Airway: tilt the head back and lift the neck to clear the airway.
Breathing: pinch the victim's nose and give 2 breaths, watching for the
chest to rise with each breath.
Circulation: if there is no pulse, perform 15 chest compressions 2 Breaths
4 cycles in 1 minute - 2 hands, 2 inches.
• 4. Check for pulse
and if necessary perform the cycle again.
Choking
Choking is usually caused by a piece of foreign matter such as food
becoming lodged in a person's windpipe. Because a choking victim is fully aware
that he cannot breathe normally, a sense of panic may overcome them, making
assessing the situation and rescue efforts difficult. It is important to try
and keep the victim calm in order to determine whether your assistance is truly
necessary or if the victim's own coughing reflex is sufficient.
Start by asking the person if he is choking. This simple step can be
deceptively effective - the victim may be coughing violently or even gasping
for air, but if he is able to answer then he is probably not choking. A choking
victim will not be able to speak since oxygen cannot reach his lungs. But if
after asking the person if he's choking all he can do is gesture or point to
his throat and you notice his face starting to turn blue, then he is most
likely choking and you will need to perform the Heimlich Maneuver immediately.
• Start by finding the
proper stance - behind the victim with one of your feet planted firmly between
the victim's feet.
• Place one fist just
above the person’s navel with your thumb against the abdomen.
• Place your other
hand directly on top of the first.
• Squeeze the victim's
abdomen in quick upward thrusts as many times as it is necessary to dislodge
the object in his windpipe.
• If he was choked
very badly the chance that he will collapse is eminent since he is running out
of air, you must properly positioned your self and hold him to prevent him
directly from falling
• Lie him down
properly. Check for foreign object in his mouth by sweeping using one finger.
• Give full breath to
check if his airway is still blocked. If air fast through his airway is clear
then check for ABC
• If still block,
Kneel beside the victim and apply pressure on the abdomen put your 2 palms just
above his navel and make a quick upward thrusts ; this will pushed out the air
inside his stomach to expelled the foreign object in his mouth
• You need at least
8-10 stroke and then Check for foreign object in his mouth by sweeping using
one finger
• Repeat the above
procedures until object is expelled and air fast through.
Summary
First aid includes any one-time treatment and follow-up for observation
of minor injuries, including cuts, abrasions, bruises, first-degree burns,
sprains, and splinters. Injuries or illnesses requiring only first aid are
commonplace. One or more workers should be properly trained to administer basic
first aid, including CPR. Workplaces should have a well-stocked first-aid kit
and at least one or more employee assigned the responsibility for administering
or coordinating first-aid treatments.
• When an injury does
take place, whether it is to ourselves or a fellow employee, knowing what to do
and being able to react quickly can limit the severity of the injury... or even
prevent a death.
• First Aid is a best
tool to help your co-workers, your family or maybe your own
HR documents, HR forms and formats, SOPs, policies and procedures, reports and HR template, health and safety forms, Safety, OHSMS, ISO 45001, ISO 9001, ISO 14001, Higg, sustainability, Environment ESG, BNBC, labor law, BLL, occupational HS, EHS, HSE, social compliance, QMS, EMS policy, form, format, procedures etc. for more visit https://www.hsebd.com
Search your dream jobs, chittagong jobs, chattogram jobs, employment, and placement. Please click here: https://www.ctgjobsbd.com
YouTube Channel: HSE Management Study Bangla Jobs Portal: Ctgjobsbd
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 globally recognized websites that offer free mental health assessments tools: Link: https://www.hsebd.com/2023/11/mentalhealth.html
0 Comments